Glossary

AC3-Coding (Dolby Digital)
The AC4-Coding is an bitstream form, developed by Dolby, for the coding and compression of audio signals. It filters sounds that won't be hearable by the human ear. AC3 supports bit rates between 32 and 640 kbps and is used especially for Dolby Digital. Bit rates gives information about the amount of data that are used per second music. A higher bit rate indicates an increased audio quality.

Authoring
Authoring is the process of combining DVD video and menus to make a finished disc for duplication or replication (for example some languages, a copy protection, the image form or the menu structure). Autoplay A feature that automatically starts playing an audio CD or runs a program when a disc is inserted into the drive. Windows is looking for the a data called autorun.inf – this data includes the specific order and information for starting the disc automatically.

AVI
Audio Video Interleave, known by its acronym AVI, is a multimedia container format ntroduced by Microsoft in November 1992 as part of its Video for Windows technology. AVI files can contain both audio and video data in a file container that allows synchronous audio-with-video playback. Like the DVD video format, AVI files support multiple streaming audio and video, although these features are seldom used. Most AVI files also use the file format extensions developed by the Matrox OpenDML group in February 1996. These files are supported by Microsoft, and are unofficially called "AVI 2.0".

Printable Area
On the background that a printer can't print until the end of a paper or a disc there's a printable area on specifications. When creating a print file you have to find out the printable area in the printing specifications. This is important for the disc printing as well as for the paper printing.

Bleed
Pictures and areas that extend to the edges of the print parts need a bleed of 3 mm beyound these edges. It’s important to include bleed. Printed pieces are cut to size in stacks and do not get cut exactly on the trim lines. Bleed is background image extending beyond the trim line to be cut off. This prevents any blank paper from showing along the cut edges. The same applies to the type safe margins. Any text inside the safety guide will not be cut if the print is cut slightly inside the trim lines.

Bit rate
The bit rate describes the speed of transferring the data, also called as baud rate or data rate. The speed is defined by the quantity of bits per time period = bit per second. Higher bit rates will be announced as kBit/s (1.000 bits per second). There could be also mBits/s (1 million bite per second). On the background of compression of audio and video data the bit rate defines the quantity that may be used per second.

Blu-ray Disc (BD)
High definition optical disc format with more than five times the storage capacity of DVD. Blu-ray is named after the blue violet laser that is used to read and write the disc.

Bulk article
Definition of a delivery of CDs/DVDs on spindle (without packaging). Also known as „spindle delivery“.

CD-A
The logical format of an audio CD (officially Compact Disc Digital Audio or CD-DA) is described in a document produced by the format's joint creators, Sony and Philips in 1980. The document is known colloquially as the „Red Book“ after the color of its cover. The format is a two-channel 16-bit PCM encoding at a 44.1kHz sampling per channel. Four-channel sound is an allowable option within the Red Book format, but has never been implemented. Monaural audio has no existing standard on a Red Book CD; mono-source material is usually presented as two identical channels on a 'stereo' track.

CD-R
Recordable compact discs, CD-Rs, are injection molded with a "blank" data spiral. A photosensitive dye is then applied, after which the discs are metalized and lacquer-coated. The write laser of the CD recorder changes the color of the dye to allow the read laser of a standard CD player to see the data, just as it would with a standard stamped disc. The resulting discs can be read by most CD-ROM drives and played in most audio CD players.

CD-ROM
For the first few years of its existence, the Compact Disc was a medium used purely for audio. However, in 1985 the Yellow Book CD-ROM standard was established by Sony and Philips, which defined a non-volatile optical data computer data storage medium using the same physical format as audio compact discs, readable by a computer with a CD-ROM drive.

CMYK
The CMYK color model, referred to as process color or four color, is a subtractive color model, used in color printing, also used to describe the printing process itself. CMYK refers to the four inks used in most color printing: cyan, magenta, yellow, and black. Though it varies by print house, press operator, press manufacturer and press run, ink is typically applied in the order of the abbreviation.

Covercard / Inlaycard
The Covercard is a print part for the CD/DVD box. The measures of a CD Covercard are: 12.5 x 12.5 cm, of a DVD Covercard: 18.3 x 27.3 cm.

Coating
Coating is a covering that is applied to the surface of an object, usually referred to as the substrate. In many cases coatings are applied to improve surface properties of the substrate, such as appearance, adhesion, wetability, corrosion resistance, wear resistance, and scratch resistance. In other cases, in particular in printing processes and semiconductor device fabrication (where the substrate is a wafer), the coating forms an essential part of the finished product.

Digital Audio Tape (DAT)
Digital Audio Tape (DAT or R-DAT) is a signal recording and playback medium developed by Sony and introduced in 1987. In appearance it is similar to a compact audio cassette, using 4 mm magnetic tape enclosed in a protective shell, but is roughly half the size at 73 mm × 54 mm × 10.5 mm. As the name suggests, the recording is digital rather than analog. DAT has the ability to record at higher, equal or lower sampling rates than a CD (48, 44.1 or 32 kHz sampling rate respectively) at 16 bits quantization. If a digital source is copied then the DAT will produce an exact clone, unlike other digital media such as Digital Compact Cassette or non -Hi-MD MiniDisc, both of which use lossy data compression. Like most formats of videocassette, a DAT cassette may only be recorded on one side, unlike an analog compact audio cassette.

Digital print
Digital printing is the reproduction of digital images on a physical surface. It is generally used for short print runs, and for the customization of print media. For short print runs the digital print is cheaper than the offset printing.

Disc-at-once (DAO)
Disc-At-Once or DAO for CD-R media is a mode that masters the disc contents in one pass, rather than a track at a time as in Track At Once. DAO mode, unlike TAO mode, allows any amount of audio data (or no data at all) to be written in the "pre-gaps" between tracks. One use of this technique, for example, is to burn track introductions to be played before each track starts. A CD player will generally display a negative time offset counting up to the next track when such pre-gap introductions play. Pre-gap audio before the first track of the CD makes it possible to burn an unnumbered, "hidden" audio track. This track can only be accessed by "rewinding" from the start of the first track, backwards into the pre-gap audio.

Digital Linear Tape (DLT)
Digital Linear Tape (DLT) (previously called CompacTape) is a magnetic tape data storage technology developed by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) from 1984 onwards. In 1994 the technology was purchased by Quantum Corporation, who currently manufactures drives and licenses the technology and trademark. A variant with higher capacity is called Super DLT (SDLT). The lower cost "value line" was initially manufactured by Benchmark Storage Innovations under license from Quantum. Quantum acquired Benchmark in 2002.

Print parts
So-called print parts are a.e. an Inlay or a Covercard. The CD is not a print part although it is printable, a CD is ranked a a media. Carton sleeves of digipaks are also paper products but categorised by packaging.

Digital Video (DV)
Digital Video (DV) is video recording in digital form. In order to edit video in the computer or to embed video clips into multimedia documents, a video source must originate from a digital camera or be converted to digital. Frames from analog video cameras and VCRs are converted into digital frames (bitmaps) using frame grabbers or similar devices attached to a computer. Uncompressed digital video signals require huge amounts of storage, and high-ratio real-time compression schemes, such as MPEG, are essential for handling digital video in today's computers.

DVD (Digital Versatile Disc)
DVDs are digital video discs. DVDs are used for storing data and can be formatted for movies, data archiving, and more. Similar to compact discs (CDs), DVDs are circular but are known to store more data than CDs. Most videos are converted to DVD format. Creating comprehensive and engaging Corporate or Medical Videos into DVD format is just the beginning of the exhaustive list of video production services that Dynamic Digital Advertising (DDA) offers. As a full-service advertising agency and video production company, DDA offers services that vary from scriptwritung and storyboarding, to video editing and filming. DDA can complete all facets of video production at our state-of-the-art video production studio.

Euroscale
A short description of the euroscale is the European Colourscale for the Offset Printing. Longer ago it was standardized by the German standard DIN 16539 (1971). The term „Euroskala“ is well known. The ISO 2846 is an ISO-Standard that describes the colour and transparency of the scale printing colour for four colour printing. It is a successor of the Euroscale. The following colours are used in the four colour printing mode: Yellow, Magenta, Cyan and black (CMYK).

Encoding
Encoding is the process of compressing audio or video by converting one format to another. The process of encoding leads to efficient transmission of storage or information. From encoding to scriptwriting and video editing, Dynamic Digital Advertising (DDA), a digital advertising agency and video production company, offers every video production service imaginable for unique and comprehensive Corporate Videos, Medical Videos, Training Videos, Retail Videos, and more. At DDA, we have an experienced team who excel in producing videos that get a company’s products or services noticed.

Double Gate Fold
In double gatefolds there are three parallel folds. The left and right edges of the paper fold and meet in the middle, without overlapping, along a center fold. The outer panels (the ones that fold in to the middle) are usually 1/32" to 1/8" smaller than the inner panels (the ones covered by the panels that fold in) to allow for proper folding and nesting.

GVL
GVL (Society for utilization of ancillary copyright) is looking on the second ancillary copyright in order of the artist and producer (included in the invoice of the GEMA). If you need a LC (Label Code) please go on the website www.gvl.de

GEMA
The GEMA (Society for musical performing and mechanical reproduction rights) is a performance rights organization from Germany. It is a member of BIEM and CISAC. For Austria it is the AUME (www.aume.at), for Switzerland the SUISA (www.suisa.ch).

GEMA-Exemption
For every production where audio material is used it is neccessary to announce at the GEMA and to get a permission of production. For every production that includes registered GEMA-music, you have to pay fees. For music that it not listened there won't be any charges. To get a permission can be a long-lasting proccess so please prepare the exemption before production.

Hybrid-CD
A Hybrid disc is a CD-ROM with additional types of data stored on it. It can contain additional multiple file systems such as for both Apple Macintosh and Microsoft Windows based operating systems. It can also contain additional security measures or it is an audio CD with added data tracks.

Image file
A compressed file that contains all the files required to populate a hard disk with applications and/or operating system. The image file is sent to multiple PCs and decompressed to their original state.

Inkjet printing
High-speed computer-driven printer that sprays a row of fine streams of ink onto labels and/or forms to create a dot pattern print image. The dots can be small and dense enough to appear to form continuous lines. Ink-jet printers offer several advantages over impact printers, such as speed, dual addressing, and personalization, but are not able to supply the greater personalization, image orientation, and type-font flexibility of laser printers.

Label Code (LC)
The Label Code, also called LC-Number, has only the meaning of a secondary use. For example: The LC Number has nothing to do with the sale of records! The LC is used by the radio or tv stations to do the accounts.

Label / label printing
The „CD/DVD label“ is the printing on the CD or DVD, it's also called label printing. A CD or DVD can be printed with digital or inkjet printing, thermo-transfer- or thermo-re-transfer-print, lightscribe, silk screen or offset printing.

Layer
A layer describes a file layer on optical data mediums. CDs just have one layer, DVDs often two. The second layer is below the first one and will be read separately. The description Single Layer or Double Layer depends on the number of layers. Blu-Ray discs do also have either one or two layer. Theoretic a Blu-Ray-Disc may have up to 8 layer.

Lead-In / Lead-Out
The lead-in area of a CD session is the starting part of the session. It contains the TOC for the session, and the address of the next available free part of the disc available for the start of the next session, unless the disc is closed and therefore no more sessions can be added, or the disc is not multisession. The lead-out area is the ending part of the CD session. When the session is closed, the lead-out area is written. The first lead-out is 6750 sectors (about 13 megabytes) long, each subsequent lead-out is 2250 sectors (4 megabytes) long.

Leporello / Folder
Compared to a booklet, a leporello/folder is a folded (not stapled) print part for the jewel case. In contrast to a folded 4-paged booklet, a leporello has six or perhaps more pages. There are different kinds of leporellos: parallel fold, letter fold, z-folding or double gate fold.

Mastering / Pre-Mastering
The process used to create a master disc, also called a gold version, which is then duplicated for consumer distribution. Premastering usually refers to verifying the data and media on the disc, installing or loading the files to a hard drive or playing in a DVD player for film and video discs. This is the stage where any copy protection or encryption is included on the disc as well. It is a term used for both video and software mastering.

Maxi-Card
The Maxi-Card is a full printable Covercard, especially for the regular packaging for Maxi CDs, the Two-Piece-Box. The difference to the Covercard is the folding for the flap (7mm) where you can add information about the disc. The card is very similar to the card within cassette boxes. The flap is another page that can be opened.

MPEG
Stands for Moving Picture Expert Group. This team of experts developed a technique for digitally compressing videos. MPEG 2 is applied in DVD production in order to reduce data volumes. In sequences of images having the same details only the changes are stored. To the greatest possible extent, this technique can be dispensed with when using the new HD DVD (up to 15-20 GB) and blu-ray disc (25-50 GB).

MP3
An audio format with a high compression of data and very little loss of sound quality. Technically, a CD with MP3 data is actually a CD-ROM, although audio data is stored on the CD. In the meantime, many modern CD player and DVD players are now able to play MP3 CDs.

Multi-Session
In multisession discs, the lead-in areas contain addresses of the previous sessions. The Table of Contents written in the lead-in of the latest session is used to access the tracks.

Offset printing
Offset printing is a commonly used printing technique where the inked image is transferred (or "offset") from a plate to a rubber blanket, then to the printing surface. When used in combination with the lithographic process, which is based on the repulsion of oil and water, the offset technique employs a flat (planographic) image carrier on which the image to be printed obtains ink from ink rollers, while the non-printing area attracts a water-based film (called "fountain solution"), keeping the non-printing areas ink-free.

Orange-Book-Standard
The orange book standard references the fact that "Yellow" and "Red" mix to orange; which means that CD-R and CD-RW is capable of music and data; although other colors (other CD standards) that do not mix are capable of being burned onto the physical medium. Orange book also introduced the standard for multisession writing.

Photo CD
Photo CD is a system designed by Kodak for digitizing and storing photos in a CD. Launched in 1992, the discs were designed to hold nearly 100 high quality images, scanned prints and slides using special proprietary encoding. Photo CD discs are defined in the Beige and conform to the CD-ROM XA and CD-i Bridge specifications as well. They are intended to play on CD-i players, Photo CD players (Apple's PowerCD for example), and any computer with the suitable software (Lasersoft Imaging's SilverFast HDR, DC, or PhotoCD for example) irrespective of the operating system. The images can also be printed out on photographic paper with a special Kodak machine.

Polycarbonate
CD moulding machines are specifically designed high temperature polycarbonat injection moulders. They have an average throughput of 550-900 discs per hour, per moulding line. Clear polycarbonate pellets are first dried at around 130 degrees Celsius for three hours (nominal; this depends on which optical grade resin is in use) and are fed via vacuum transport into one end of the injection moulder's barrel (ie, the feed throat) and are moved to the injection chamber via a large screw inside the barrel. The barrel, wrapped with heater bands ranging in temperature from ca 210 to 320 degrees Celsius melts the polycarbonate. When the mould is closed the screw moves forward to inject molten plastic into the mould cavity. When the mould is full, cool water running through mould halves, outside the cavity, cools the plastic so it somewhat solidifies. The entire process from the mould closing, injection and opening again takes approximately 3 to 5 seconds.

Pressing
For the pressing process, the stamper is placed in the mould of the injection moulding machine. The pit structure (containing the information) of the mother is filled with liquid polycarbonate. The CD is cooled down and then later coated with aluminium. The thin aluminium layer is sealed and protected with a scratch-resistant UV lacquer. The CD is now complete and ready to play.

RGB
RGB stands for Red, Green, Blue and is an additive colour model used by monitors, digital cameras and scanners. RGB images are ideal for on-screen use but should be converted to CMYK before printing.

Crop mark
Crossed lines placed at the corners of an image or a page to indicate where to trim it are known as crop marks. Crop Marks may be drawn on manually or automatically applied with some desktop publishing software programs.

Sampling Rate
Also called a sample rate, typically expressed in samples per second or hertz (Hz). It is the rate at which samples of an analog signal are taken in order to be converted into digital form. A PC's sound card typically will sample a received analog signals, such as through a microphone and digitize it for use by the computer. A higher sampling rate provides a better quality reproduktion than a lower sampling rate.

Sampling depth
The sampling depth is the digital resolution in bits that will be saved by digitalization. On CDs and DVDs the standard is a sampling depth of 16 bit.

Stamper
The basis of each CD or DVD production: A compression mould /stencil for duplication.

Silk Screen Printing
A printing process that works by pushing inks through a fine mesh that has been stretched over a frame using a squeegee. When the process was initially developed, the mesh was made from silk, hence the the process is also know as silk screen. This method is ideal for printing blocks of colour and less suitable for fine detail. Silkscreen print can be Pantone matched.

Specification
The specification describes the way to create graphic files so that they can be used by the CD/DVD-duplicator. Every supplier has his own specifications for the printing process – if the design does not fit the specifications it may cause extra costs.

Spindle ware
Delivery of Cds/DVDs without packaging. Sometimes also called „bulk ware“.

Thermal-Re-Transfer-Printing
The discs once printed are scratchproof, UV-protected and water repellent. Thanks to its innovative thermal re-transfer print system, 4-colour, extremely durable CD/DVD full colour CMYK discs can be created quickly and effortlessly. There is no additional finishing needed.

Thermal-Transfer-Printing
Thermal transfer represent fast printing, economical production cost and a professional print result.

UV-Varnish / Coating
"UV coating" refers to surface treatments which are either cured by ultraviolet radiation, or protect the underlying material from its harmful effects. Ultra-violet cured coatings can be applied over ink printed on paper and dried by exposure to UV radiation. UV coatings can be formulated up to 100% solids so that they have no volatile component that contributes to pollution. This high solids level also allows for the coating to be applied in very thin films. UV coatings can be formulated to a wide variety of gloss ranges. UV coating can be most conventional industrial coating applications as well as by silkscreen.

WAV
WAV (or WAVE) is short for Waveform Audio Format, is an industry standard format for high-quality, uncompressed audio. Although Audio CDs don't use WAV files for tracks, this is the prefered audio format for CD creation.

Letter fold
Folding pattern in which the folds are parallel and in the same direction, so that a kind of spiral is produced. The letter fold is a parallel fold. Two or more panels of the same width of the folded signature are folded around one panel. When the signature is folded twice, there are three panels on each side (six pages); with a tri-fold, the result is four panels on each side (eight pages). To allow proper nesting of panels that fold in, inside panels are usually 1/32" to 1/8" smaller than outer panels with the inside end panel being the smallest. Also known as a Spiral Fold, Tri Fold, Brochure Fold, Business Letter, C Fold, Roll Fold and Barrel Fold.

Z-Folding
A concertina fold is a continuous parallel folding of brochures and similar printed material in an accordion-like fashion, that is with folds alternatively made to the front and back in zig zag folds. Because they do not nest (as in Letter Folds) panels can be the same size. Seen from above, concertina folds resemble a Z or M or series of zigs and zags. Also known as a Zig Zag Fold, Accordion Fold or z-Fold.